漢語被動句的翻譯

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在現代漢語中，主動句和被動句的選用首先要看句子以什么為陳述對象。如果以施事者為陳述對象，則用主動句，如果以受承者為陳述對象，則用被動句。漢語中的被動句不像在英語中使用得那么普遍。在張今和陳云清編著的《英漢比較語法綱要》中把漢語的被動句分為“正規被動句”和“當然被動句”兩種。

一、正規被動句

正規被動句中用有表示被動的詞，如：被、讓、叫、由、遭、受、給等。

1.當晚傳來敵人被全殲的消息。

News came that evening that the enemy had been completely wiped out.

2.窗臺上的花盆讓貓給碰翻了。

The flower-pot on the window-sill was upset by the cat.

3.南京解放前夕孟燾在監獄遭到秘密殺害。

Meng Tao was secretly executed in prison in Nanjing shortly before the liberation of the city / the city was liberated.

4.金桂被村里選成勞動英雄，又選成婦聯會主席。

Jingui was elected labour hero and chairman of the women’s federation of the village.

二、當然被動句

當然被動句中沒有上面講到的那些詞，句子中的被動是不言自明的，把表示被動的詞加上，句子依然非常通順。

1.他那本書已經（被）出版了。  

That book of his has been published

2. 路礙今天早上都（被）拆除了。

The road blocks were all removed this morning.

3.房間（被）打掃干凈之后，她就離開了。

She left after the room was cleaned.

4.那個戰士救上來了，但是救他的班長卻犧牲了。

The soldier was saved, but the squad leader who had saved him died.

三、使用被動句主要出于以下的考慮：

（一）強調受事者，或者不愿、不必或者無從說出施事者時:

1.那個孩子被救上來了，可是羅盛教卻淹死了。

The boy was saved, but Luo Shengjiao was drowned.

2.他被判三年徒刑，剝奪政治權利一年。      （不必說）

He was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and deprived of political rights for one year.

3.顯然，他的房間被人搜查過了。            （無從說）

.Clearly, his room had been searched.

（二）為使前后分句的主語保持一致，使語氣更加流暢：

1.他走進屋里，被眼前的情景驚呆了。

 He entered the room and was shocked at what he saw.

2.二諸葛老婆追出門來，被二諸葛拉回去，嘴里還罵個不休。

Er Zhuge’s wife rushed out of the house, still cursing when she was pulled inside by her husband.

在翻譯漢語正規被動句時，我們會使用英語中帶被動語態的句子。可是在翻譯當然被動句的時候，有的人就會忽略這一點。這是造成翻譯錯誤的原因之一。

此外，在漢語中還有一類涉及直接賓語和間接賓語的被動結構的句子，是我們在翻譯的時候要注意的，因為英語中沒有類似結構的句子：

1.他的豬被狼拖走了三只。

Three of his pigs were stolen by the wolves.

2. 他的鞋子都（被他）跑掉了一只。

One of his shoes was lost in the course of running.

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